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Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders
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Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders
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Approach to the Patient With Joint Symptoms
Evaluation of the Patient With Joint Symptoms
History
History reference
Physical Examination
Testing
Blood tests
Imaging studies
Arthrocentesis
Synovial fluid examination
Testing reference
Evaluation of the Ankle
Physical Examination
Evaluation of the Elbow
Physical Examination
Evaluation of the Foot
Physical Examination
Evaluation of the Hand
Physical Examination
Reference
Evaluation of the Hip
Physical Examination
Arthrocentesis
Evaluation of the Knee
Physical Examination
Evaluation of the Shoulder
Physical Examination
Disorders of the shoulder
Evaluation of the Wrist
Physical Examination
Systemic Rheumatic Diseases
Introduction to Systemic Rheumatic Diseases
Eosinophilic Fasciitis
References
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Key Points
Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies
General reference
Etiology
Etiology reference
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Classification
Classification reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Laboratory studies
Electromyography and imaging tests
Biopsy
Additional testing
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Relapsing Polychondritis
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Key Points
Sjögren Syndrome
General reference
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Glandular manifestations
Extraglandular manifestations
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
More Information
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Joint manifestations
Skin and mucous membrane manifestations
Cardiopulmonary manifestations
Lymphoid tissue
Neurologic manifestations
Renal manifestations
Obstetric manifestations
Hematologic manifestations
Gastrointestinal manifestations
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
ANA testing
Other ANA and anticytoplasmic antibodies
Other tests
Renal involvement
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Mild to moderate disease
Severe disease
Maintenance therapy
Coexisting medical conditions and pregnancy
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
More Information
Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus
Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE)
Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE)
SCLE reference
Systemic Sclerosis
Reference
Classification
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Skin and nail manifestations
Joint manifestations
Gastrointestinal manifestations
Cardiopulmonary manifestations
Renal manifestations
Diagnosis
Antibody testing
Clinical criteria
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Skin and joint manifestations
Gastrointestinal manifestations
Cardiopulmonary manifestations
Renal manifestations
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Bursa, Muscle, and Tendon Disorders
Baker Cysts
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Bursitis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Fibromyalgia
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Prognosis
Key Points
Tendinitis and Tenosynovitis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Rotator cuff tendinopathy
Bicipital tendinitis
Volar flexor tenosynovitis (digital flexor tendinitis)
Gluteus medius tendinitis
Treatment
Key Points
Coccyx Disorders
Coccygeal Area Pain
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Evaluation reference
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Coccyx Disorders
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Imaging of the coccyx
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Crystal-Induced Arthritides
Overview of Crystal-Induced Arthritides
Gout
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Course
Tophi
Complications of gout
Diagnosis
Synovial fluid analysis
Serum urate level
Imaging
Diagnosis of chronic gouty arthritis
Prognosis
Treatment
Treatment of acute flares
Prevention of recurrent flares
Lowering the serum urate level
Other treatments
Treatment references
Key Points
Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia
Calcium Pyrophosphate Arthritis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Treatment
Key Points
Basic Calcium Phosphate Crystal Deposition Disease and Calcium Oxalate Crystal Deposition Disease
Basic calcium phosphate crystal deposition disease
Calcium oxalate crystal deposition disease
Foot and Ankle Disorders
Overview of Foot and Ankle Disorders
Considerations for Using Corticosteroid Injections
Reference
Achilles Tendon Enthesopathy
Treatment
Treatment references
Anterior Achilles Tendon Bursitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Apophysitis of the Calcaneus
Treatment
Bunion
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Freiberg Disease
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Hammer Toe Deformity
Treatment
Inferior Calcaneal Bursitis
Treatment
Interdigital Neuroma
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Medial and Lateral Plantar Nerve Entrapment
Diagnosis
Treatment
Metatarsalgia
Metatarsophalangeal Joint Pain
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Plantar Fasciitis
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Plantar Fibromatosis
Treatment
Posterior Achilles Tendon Bursitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Sesamoiditis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tibialis Posterior Tendinosis and Tibialis Posterior Tenosynovitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hand Disorders
Overview and Evaluation of Hand Disorders
Hand deformities
Hand infections
Nerve compression syndromes of the hand
Noninfectious tenosynovitis
General references
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Testing
Evaluation references
Boutonnière Deformity
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Key Points
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
De Quervain Syndrome
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Trigger Finger (Stenosing Flexor Tenosynovitis)
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Dupuytren Contracture
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Felon
Reference
Ganglia
Reference
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Herpetic Whitlow
Infected Bite Wounds of the Hand
Diagnosis
Treatment
Infectious Flexor Tenosynovitis
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Kienböck Disease
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Osteoarthritis of the Hand
Treatment
Palm Abscess
Radial Tunnel Syndrome
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Swan-Neck Deformity
How To Do Arthrocentesis
How To Do Ankle Arthrocentesis
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Do Elbow Arthrocentesis
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Do Knee Arthrocentesis
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Do Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joint Arthrocentesis
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Do Metatarsophalangeal Joint Arthrocentesis
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Do Shoulder Arthrocentesis
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Do Wrist Arthrocentesis
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
How To Do Bursal Aspiration and Injection
How To Aspirate or Inject an Olecranon Bursa
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Prepare the site
Puncture the bursa
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
Reference
How To Aspirate or Inject a Prepatellar Bursa
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Prepare the site
Puncture the bursa
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
Reference
How To Inject a Subacromial Bursa
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Prepare the site
Inject the bursa
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
Reference
How To Inject a Trochanteric Bursa
Indications
Contraindications
Complications
Equipment
Additional Considerations
Relevant Anatomy
Positioning
Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
Prepare the site
Inject the bursa
Aftercare
Warnings and Common Errors
Tips and Tricks
Reference
IgG4-Related Disease
IgG4-Related Disease
Pathophysiology
Pancreato-hepato-biliary disease
Retroperitoneal fibrosis and/or aortitis
Head- and neck-limited disease
Classic Mikulicz syndrome with systemic involvement
Other phenotypes
Pathophysiology references
Etiology
Etiology reference
Pathology
Pathology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
Infections of Joints and Bones
Acute Infectious Arthritis
General references
Risk factors
Risk factors references
Etiology
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Gonococcal arthritis
Nongonococcal bacterial arthritis
Infectious arthritis secondary to bite wounds
Viral infectious arthritis
Borrelia burgdorferi
arthritis
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Infectious arthritis
Gonococcal arthritis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Antibiotic therapy
Drainage of infected fluid
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Chronic Infectious Arthritis
Prosthetic Joint Infectious Arthritis
Etiology
Etiology references
Risk Factors
Risk factors references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prevention
Prevention references
Key Points
Reference
Osteomyelitis
Etiology
Contiguous spread from adjacent infected tissue or open wounds
Hematogenously spread osteomyelitis
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Antibiotics
Surgery
Treatment references
Key Points
Joint Disorders
Neuropathic Arthropathy
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Osteoarthritis (OA)
References
Classification
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Physical measures
Pharmacologic therapy
Surgery
Other adjunctive and investigational therapies
Treatment references
Key Points
More Information
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Extra-articular manifestations
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Nonpharmacologic Treatment
Lifestyle measures
Physical measures
Surgery
Nonpharmacologic treatment references
Pharmacologic Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Conventional synthetic DMARDs
Biologic DMARDs
Targeted synthetic DMARDs
Other immunosuppressive agents
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Corticosteroids
Medications for rheumatoid arthritis references
Prognosis
Prognosis references
Key Points
Overview of Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Reference
Classification
Symptoms and Signs
Symptoms and signs reference
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Prognosis
Key Points
More Information
Psoriatic Arthritis
General references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Reactive Arthritis
Etiology
Etiology reference
Epidemiology
Epidemiology references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Key Points
Neck and Back Pain
Overview of Neck and Back Pain
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Common causes
Serious uncommon causes
Other uncommon causes
Evaluation
General
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Evaluation references
Treatment
Activity modification
Analgesics
Heat and cold
Cervical and lumbar stabilization and exercise
Reassurance
Other treatment modalities
Treatment references
Geriatrics Essentials
Geriatrics essentials reference
Key Points
Atlantoaxial Subluxation
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Cervical Disc Herniation
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conservative treatment
Surgical procedures
Treatment reference
Key Points
Lumbar Disc Herniation
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conservative treatment
Surgical procedures
Treatment references
Key Points
Cervical Spinal Stenosis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Lumbosacral Radiculopathy
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Spondylolisthesis
References
Osteonecrosis
Osteonecrosis (ON)
General reference
Etiology
Traumatic osteonecrosis
Nontraumatic osteonecrosis
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology references
Symptoms and Signs
General symptoms
Joint-specific symptoms
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Nonsurgical treatments
Surgical treatments
Treatment references
Prevention
Key Points
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis
Pathophysiology
Fragility fractures
Pathophysiology reference
Classification
Primary osteoporosis
Secondary osteoporosis
Risk Factors
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
X-rays
Other testing
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Risk factor modification
Calcium and vitamin D
Antiresorptive medications
Anabolic agents
Other medications for osteoporosis
Monitoring response to treatment
Treating pain and maintaining function
Treatment references
Prevention
Key Points
More Information
Paget Disease of Bone
Paget Disease of Bone
General references
Etiology
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment
Pharmacologic therapy
Treatment references
Key Points
Pain in and Around Joints
Pain in and Around a Single Joint
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Key Points
Pain in Multiple Joints
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Evaluation
History
Physical examination
Red flags
Interpretation of findings
Testing
Treatment
Geriatrics Essentials
Key Points
Tumors of Bones and Joints
Overview of Bone and Joint Tumors
Reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Characteristic findings
Other testing
Key Points
Benign Bone Tumors and Cysts
Aneurysmal bone cyst
Benign giant cell tumor of bone
Chondroblastoma
Chondromyxoid fibroma
Enchondroma
Fibrous dysplasia
Melorheostosis
Nonossifying fibroma (fibrous cortical defect, fibroxanthoma)
Osteoid osteoma
Osteoblastoma
Osteochondroma
Osteoma
Osteopoikilosis
Unicameral bone cyst
Primary Malignant Bone Tumors
Multiple myeloma
Osteosarcoma (osteogenic sarcoma)
Adamantinoma
Chondrosarcoma
Chordoma
Ewing sarcoma of bone
Fibrosarcoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (formerly malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone)
Lymphoma of bone
Malignant giant cell tumor
Metastatic Bone Tumors
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Points
Joint Tumors
Synovial chondromatosis
Tenosynovial giant cell tumor
Reference
Vasculitis
Overview of Vasculitis
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Classification
Classification references
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Induction of remission
Remission maintenance
Key Points
Behçet Disease
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Mucocutaneous
Ocular
Musculoskeletal
Vascular
Neurologic and psychiatric
Gastrointestinal (GI)
Constitutional
Symptoms and signs references
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Mucosal disease
Ocular disease
Refractory or life-threatening disease
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
Cutaneous Vasculitis
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment reference
Key Points
Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA)
General reference
Etiology
Etiology reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Giant Cell Arteritis
General references
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA)
General references
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis references
Treatment
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Immunoglobulin A–Associated Vasculitis (IgAV)
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Key Points
Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA)
General reference
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Key Points
Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN)
General reference
Etiology
Etiology references
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Hepatitis B–related polyarteritis nodosa
Treatment references
Prognosis
Prognosis reference
Key Points
Polymyalgia Rheumatica
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Treatment references
Key Points
Takayasu Arteritis
General reference
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Treatment
Medications
Procedures
Treatment references
Prognosis
Key Points
