Eye Disorders

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Approach to the Ophthalmologic Patient

• Ophthalmic Anatomy

• Evaluation of the Ophthalmologic Patient
  • History
  • Physical Examination
    • Visual acuity
    • Eyelid and conjunctival examination
    • Corneal examination
    • Pupil examination
    • Extraocular muscles
    • Ophthalmoscopy
    • Slit-lamp examination
    • Visual field testing
    • Color vision testing
  • Testing
    • Tonometry
    • Angiography
    • Optical coherence tomography
    • Electroretinography
    • Ultrasound
    • CT and MRI

Symptoms of Ophthalmic Disorders

• Acute Vision Loss
  • Pathophysiology
  • Etiology
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Anisocoria
  • Etiology
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Blurred Vision
  • Etiology
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Geriatrics Essentials
  • Key Points

• Diplopia
  • Etiology
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Eyelid Swelling
  • Etiology
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Eye Pain
  • Pathophysiology
  • Etiology
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Floaters
  • Pathophysiology
  • Etiology
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Proptosis
  • Etiology
  • Evaluation
    • Red flags
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Red Eye
  • Pathophysiology
  • Etiology
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Tearing
  • Pathophysiology
  • Etiology
    • Increased tear production
    • Decreased nasolacrimal drainage
  • Evaluation
    • History
    • Physical examination
    • Red flags
    • Interpretation of findings
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Geriatrics Essentials
  • Key Points

• Other Eye Symptoms
  • Dry eyes
  • Eye discharge
  • Halos
  • Blue hues
  • Scotomata

Cataract

• Cataract
  • Reference
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Cataract extraction and lens implant procedures
  • Postsurgical care and complications
  • Treatment references
  • Prevention
    • Prevention references
  • Key Points

Eyelid and Lacrimal Disorders

• Blepharitis
  • Etiology
    • Acute blepharitis
    • Chronic blepharitis
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Acute blepharitis
    • Chronic blepharitis
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Acute blepharitis
    • Chronic blepharitis
    • Treatment reference
  • Prognosis
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Blepharospasm
  • Reference

• Canaliculitis
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

• Chalazion and Hordeolum (Stye)
  • Chalazion
  • Hordeolum
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Chalazion
    • Hordeolum
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Chalazion
    • Hordeolum
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Dacryocystitis
  • Acute dacryocystitis
  • Chronic dacryocystitis
  • General reference

• Dacryostenosis
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Entropion and Ectropion
  • Entropion
  • Ectropion
  • General reference

• Eyelid Growths
  • Xanthelasma
  • Basal cell carcinoma
  • Other malignant growths
  • General reference

• Trichiasis

Conjunctival and Scleral Disorders

• Overview of Conjunctival and Scleral Disorders
  • Selected eye findings in conjunctival disorders

• Episcleritis

• Ocular Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Pinguecula and Pterygium

• Scleritis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Key Points

• Subconjunctival Hemorrhages

• Trachoma
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Trachoma control in endemic areas
  • Key Points

• Overview of Conjunctivitis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Acute Bacterial Conjunctivitis
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Adult Inclusion Conjunctivitis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Allergic Conjunctivitis
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • General
    • Seasonal and perennial conjunctivitis
    • Vernal keratoconjunctivitis
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Viral Conjunctivitis
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

Corneal Disorders

• Introduction to Corneal Disorders

• Bullous Keratopathy
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Cogan Syndrome
  • Reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Ocular
    • Vestibuloauditory
    • Vascular
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

• Corneal Ulcer
  • Etiology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

• Herpes Simplex Keratitis
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Primary infection
    • Recurrent infection
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

• Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
  • References
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Complications
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
    • Prevention references
  • Key Points

• Interstitial Keratitis
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Keratoconus
  • Reference

• Keratomalacia

• Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis
  • References

• Phlyctenular Keratoconjunctivitis

• Superficial Punctate Keratitis
  • Ultraviolet keratitis

• Corneal Transplantation
  • Indications
  • Procedure
  • Complications
  • Complications references
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis references
  • Corneal Limbal Stem Cell Transplantation
  • Key Points

Glaucoma

• Overview of Glaucoma
  • References
  • Pathophysiology
    • Pathophysiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Screening
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
  • Etiology
    • Etiology reference
  • Pathophysiology
    • Elevated-pressure glaucoma
    • Normal-pressure glaucoma or low-tension (low-pressure) glaucoma
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Optic nerve appearance
    • Visual field defects
    • Pathophysiology reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Medical therapy
    • Surgery
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

• Angle-Closure Glaucoma
  • Reference
  • Etiology
  • Pathophysiology
    • Primary angle-closure glaucoma
    • Secondary angle-closure glaucomas
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Acute angle-closure glaucoma
    • Chronic angle-closure glaucoma
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Acute angle-closure glaucoma
    • Chronic angle-closure glaucoma
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

How To Do Eye Procedures

• How To Irrigate the Eye and Do Eyelid Eversion
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Complications
  • Equipment
  • Additional Considerations
  • Relevant Anatomy
  • Positioning
  • Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
  • Eyelid eversion
  • The scleral lens
  • Aftercare

• How To Do Lateral Canthotomy
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Complications
  • Equipment
  • Additional Considerations
  • Relevant Anatomy
  • Positioning
  • Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
  • Aftercare
  • Warnings and Common Errors
  • Tips and Tricks

• How To Remove a Foreign Body From the Eye
  • Indications
  • Contraindications
  • Complications
  • Equipment
  • Additional Considerations
  • Positioning
  • Step-by-Step Description of Procedure
    • Removal of superficial foreign bodies
    • Removal of embedded foreign bodies
  • Aftercare
  • Warnings and Common Errors
  • Tips and Tricks

Optic Nerve Disorders

• The Optic Pathway

• Compressive Optic Neuropathy
  • Etiology
    • Etiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Hereditary Optic Neuropathies
  • Dominant optic atrophy
  • Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
  • General references
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Dominant optic atrophy
    • Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references

• Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis reference
  • Key Points

• Optic Neuritis
  • Etiology
  • Etiology references
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis references
  • Key Points

• Papilledema
  • General reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Toxic and Nutritional Optic Neuropathies
  • Etiology
    • Etiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Key Points

Orbital Diseases

• Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
  • Etiology
    • Etiology reference
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis reference
  • Key Points

• Inflammatory Orbital Disease
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Preseptal and Orbital Cellulitis
  • Etiology
    • Etiology references
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosis references
  • Treatment
    • Preseptal cellulitis
    • Orbital cellulitis
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

• Tumors of the Orbit
  • Children
  • Adults
  • General references

Refractive Error

• Overview of Refractive Error
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Contact Lenses
  • Care and Complications
    • Corneal ulcer
  • Rigid Corneal Contact Lenses
  • Scleral Contact Lenses
  • Soft Hydrophilic Contact Lenses

• Refractive Surgery
  • Types of refractive surgery
    • Laser In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK)
    • Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK)
    • Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE)
    • Phakic Intraocular Lenses (IOLs)
    • Corneal Inlays
    • Clear Lensectomy
    • Intracorneal Ring Segments (INTACS)
    • Radial Keratotomy and Astigmatic Keratotomy

Retinal Disorders

• Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD or ARMD)
  • General reference
  • Etiology
  • Pathophysiology
    • Pathophysiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Dry AMD
    • Wet AMD
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Dry AMD
    • Wet AMD
    • Treatment references
    • Supportive measures
  • Key Points

• Cancers Affecting the Retina
  • Choroidal Melanoma
    • General reference
  • Choroidal Metastases
  • General reference

• Central Retinal Artery Occlusion and Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion
  • Etiology
    • Etiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis reference
  • Key Points

• Central Retinal Vein Occlusion and Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
  • Etiology
    • Etiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • Prognosis
    • Prognosis reference
  • Key Points

• Diabetic Retinopathy
  • Pathophysiology
    • Nonproliferative retinopathy
    • Proliferative retinopathy
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Nonproliferative retinopathy
    • Proliferative retinopathy
  • Diagnosis
    • Screening
  • Treatment
  • Treatment references
  • Prevention
    • Prevention reference
  • Key Points

• Epiretinal Membrane
  • General reference

• Hypertensive Retinopathy
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points
  • More Information

• Retinal Detachment
  • Etiology
    • Etiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

• Retinitis Pigmentosa
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment references
  • More Information
  • Key Points

Uveitis and Related Disorders

• Overview of Uveitis
  • General reference
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Complications
    • Symptoms and signs reference
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Treatment references
  • Key Points

• Infectious Uveitis
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Herpesviruses: HSV and VZV
  • Herpesviruses: Cytomegalovirus
  • References

• Uveitis Caused by Systemic Rheumatic Disease
  • Spondyloarthropathies
  • Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Behçet disease
  • Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease
  • Tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis syndrome (TINU)
  • References

• Endophthalmitis
  • References
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference

• Sympathetic Ophthalmia
  • Reference
  • Treatment
    • Treatment reference