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MSD Manual
Professional Version
MEDICAL TOPICS
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MEDICAL TOPICS
RESOURCES
COMMENTARY
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Clinical Pharmacology
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Clinical Pharmacology
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Adverse Drug Reactions
Adverse Drug Reactions
General references
Etiology
Symptoms and Signs
Diagnosis
Diagnosis reference
Treatment
Prevention
Prevention references
Concepts in Pharmacotherapy
Introduction to Concepts in Pharmacotherapy
Drug Development
Drug Efficacy and Safety
Efficacy and Effectiveness
Patient-oriented outcomes
Surrogate outcomes
Adverse Effects
Balancing Drug Benefits and Adverse Effects
Therapeutic index
Drug Errors
Special subpopulations
Unclear prescriptions
Inappropriate use of drugs
Improper storage of drugs
Drug expiration date exceeded
Patient error
Miscommunication among health care providers
Placebos
Placebo effects
Use of placebos in clinical trials
Use of placebos in clinical practice
Ethical considerations
Factors Affecting Response to Medications
Adherence to a Medication Regimen
Drug Interactions
Minimizing drug interactions
Pharmacogenetics
Tolerance and Resistance
Pharmacodynamics
Overview of Pharmacodynamics
Chemical Interactions
Dose-Response Relationships
Drug–Receptor Interactions
Agonists and antagonists
Pharmacokinetics
Overview of Pharmacokinetics
References
Drug Absorption
Passive diffusion
Facilitated passive diffusion
Active transport
Pinocytosis
Oral Administration
Reference
Parenteral Administration
Controlled-Release Forms
Drug Bioavailability
Causes of low bioavailability
Assessing bioavailability
Drug Distribution to Tissues
Volume of distribution
Binding
Blood-brain barrier
Drug Metabolism
Rate
Cytochrome P-450
Conjugation
References
Drug Excretion
Renal excretion
Excretion reference
Biliary excretion
Plasma Membrane Proteins
References
Nanomedicine
References