Fluid that leaks from one or both nipples is called nipple discharge. Each breast has several (15 to 20) milk ducts. A discharge can come from one or more of these ducts.
(See also Overview of Breast Disorders.)
Nipple discharge can occur normally during the last weeks of pregnancy and after childbirth when breast milk is produced. A nipple discharge can also be caused by breast stimulation in women who are not pregnant or breastfeeding, especially during the reproductive years. However, a nipple discharge in men is always abnormal.
A normal nipple discharge is usually a thin, cloudy, whitish, or almost clear fluid. However, the discharge may be other colors, such as gray, green, yellow, or brown. A bloody discharge is abnormal.
Abnormal discharges vary in appearance depending on the cause. An abnormal discharge may be accompanied by other abnormalities, such as dimpled skin, swelling, redness, crusting, sores, and an inverted (retracted) nipple. (A nipple is inverted if it pulls inward and does not return to its normal position when it is stimulated.) If a discharge from only one breast occurs on its own (without any stimulation of the nipple), it is considered abnormal.
Causes of Nipple Discharge
Several disorders can cause an abnormal discharge.
A discharge from one milk duct or from one breast is likely to be caused by a problem with that breast, such as a noncancerous (benign) tumor or, less commonly, a cancerous (malignant) breast tumor.
A discharge from both breasts or from several milk ducts in one breast is more likely to be caused by a problem outside the breast, such as a hormonal disorder or use of certain medications.
Common causes of a nipple discharge
Usually, the cause is a benign disorder of the milk ducts, such as the following:
A benign tumor in a milk duct (intraductal papilloma)
Dilated milk ducts (mammary duct ectasia)
Fibrocystic changes, including pain, cysts, and general lumpiness
Intraductal papilloma is the most common cause. It is also the most common cause of a bloody nipple discharge when there is no lump in the breast.
Less common causes of a nipple discharge
Certain disorders stimulate the production of breast milk in women who are not pregnant or breastfeeding (see table Some Causes and Features of Nipple Discharge). In most of these disorders, the level of prolactin (a hormone that stimulates production of breast milk) is elevated. Taking certain medications can have the same effect.
Cancer causes fewer than 10% of cases.
Evaluation of Nipple Discharge
Warning signs
Nipple discharge is a cause for concern when it
Is accompanied by a lump that can be felt
Is bloody or pink
Comes from only one breast
Occurs without the nipple's being squeezed or stimulated by other means (when it occurs spontaneously)
Occurs in women aged 40 or older
Occurs in a boy or man
When to see a doctor
If a nipple discharge continues for more than one menstrual cycle or if any of the warning signs are present, women (or men) should see a doctor. Delay of a week or so is not harmful unless there are signs of infection such as redness, swelling, and/or a discharge of pus. Women with such symptoms should see a doctor within 1 or 2 days.
What the doctor does
Doctors first ask questions about a woman's symptoms and medical history. Doctors then do a breast examination. What they find during the history and breast examination often suggests a cause of the discharge and the tests that may need to be done (see table Some Causes and Features of Nipple Discharge).
To help identify the cause, doctors ask about the discharge and about other symptoms that may suggest possible causes. They ask
Whether the discharge comes from one or both breasts
What the discharge's color is
How long it has lasted
Whether it is spontaneous or occurs only when the nipple is stimulated
Whether a lump or breast pain is present
Women are also asked whether they have had disorders or take medications that can increase prolactin levels.
Doctors examine the breast, looking for abnormalities, including lumps. If the discharge does not occur spontaneously, the area around the nipples is gently pressed to try to stimulate a discharge.
Doctors also feel the lymph nodes in the armpits and above the collarbone to check for enlarged lymph nodes.
Some Causes and Features of Nipple Discharge
Cause | Common Features* | Tests |
|---|---|---|
Benign breast disorders | ||
Intraductal papilloma (a benign tumor in a milk duct)—the most common cause | A bloody or pink discharge from one breast | Usually ultrasonography Additional tests, such as mammography, MRI, or a ductogram (mammogram of the milk ducts) depending on the results of ultrasonography Biopsy if other tests cannot rule out cancer |
Mammary duct ectasia (dilated milk ducts) | A bloody, pink, or multicolored (puslike, gray, or milky), sometimes thick or sticky discharge from one or both breasts | Same as for intraductal papilloma |
Fibrocystic changes (including pain, cysts, and general lumpiness) | A lump, often rubbery and tender, usually developing before menopause Possibly a pale yellow, green, or white discharge Possibly a history of having breast lumps | Same as for intraductal papilloma |
Pain, tenderness, redness, warmth, or a combination that begins suddenly in a breast Often fever With an abscess, a tender lump and possibly a puslike discharge that smells foul | Breast examination If the discharge does not resolve with treatment, evaluation as for intraductal papilloma | |
Nipple discharge† | Possibly a palpable lump, changes in the skin, or enlarged lymph nodes, most often in the armpit Sometimes a bloody or pink discharge | Same as for intraductal papilloma |
Increased levels of prolactin‡ | ||
Various disorders, including the following: | A milky (not bloody) discharge, usually from both breasts No lumps Possibly menstrual irregularities or no menstrual periods (amenorrhea) | Blood tests to measure prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels A review of medications being taken If the prolactin or thyroid-stimulating level is elevated, MRI of the head |
| Intolerance of cold, sluggishness, constipation, or weight gain | |
| Possibly hormonal abnormalities (such as absence of menstrual periods or infertility), changes in vision, or headaches | |
| With liver disorders, ascites or jaundice In people known to have a kidney or liver disorder | |
Certain medications including
| — | Blood tests to measure prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels A review of medications being taken If the prolactin or thyroid-stimulating level is elevated, MRI of the head |
* Features include symptoms and the results of the doctor's examination. Features mentioned are typical but not always present. | ||
† Nipple discharge is usually caused by intraductal carcinoma or invasive ductal carcinoma. | ||
‡ Prolactin is a hormone that stimulates production of breast milk. | ||
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), which is a substance that probably causes cancer. | ||
MRI = magnetic resonance imaging. | ||
Testing
If doctors suspect that a hormonal disorder is the cause, blood tests are done to measure the levels of prolactin and thyroid-stimulating hormone.
If a pituitary or brain disorder is suspected, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) of the head is done.
If the discharge is not obviously bloody, it is analyzed to determine whether it contains small amounts of blood. If blood is present, a sample of the discharge is examined under a microscope (called cytology) to look for cancer cells.
If a lump can be felt, ultrasonography or mammography is done. Testing is similar to that for any breast lump.
Cysts are drained (by aspiration), and the fluid is tested. If the fluid is bloody, it is checked for cancer cells.
If lumps are solid, mammography is done, followed by a biopsy.
When there is no lump but cancer is still suspected or when other test results are unclear, mammography is done.
If test results after aspiration, ultrasonography, or mammography are abnormal, a biopsy is done.
If ultrasonography and mammography do not identify a cause and the discharge occurs spontaneously and comes from one milk duct, doctors usually do a special type of mammogram (called a ductogram, or galactogram). For this procedure, a contrast agent (which helps make images clearer) is injected into the duct, and images are taken, just as for a regular mammogram. This test can help rule out or identify cancer.
If no lump can be felt and the mammogram is normal, cancer is highly unlikely.
Sometimes a specific cause cannot be identified.
If women have any of the following, they should see a doctor who is experienced in managing breast disorders:
A lump in the breast
A bloody or pink discharge
A spontaneous discharge from one breast
An abnormality previously detected by mammography or ultrasonography
Treatment of Nipple Discharge
If a disorder is identified, it is treated.
If a noncancerous tumor or disorder is causing a discharge from one breast, the duct that the discharge is coming from may be removed. This procedure requires only a local anesthetic and does not require an overnight stay in the hospital.
Key Points
Usually, the cause of nipple discharge is not cancer.
If the discharge comes from both breasts or from several milk ducts and is not bloody or pink, the cause is usually a noncancerous hormonal disorder.
If the discharge comes from only one breast and is bloody or pink, cancer is possible, especially in women aged 40 or older.
Whether blood tests, imaging (such as ultrasonography), or both, are done depends on the suspected cause.
