Colic refers to a specific pattern of excessive, intense crying and fussing that occurs without any apparent reason (for example, hunger, illness, or injury) in otherwise healthy infants. Colic typically begins within the first month of life, is worst when the infant is about 6 weeks of age, and ends, often rather suddenly, by 3 to 4 months of age.
Typically, doctors consider intense, unexplained crying and fussing to be colic when it lasts more than 3 hours a day and more than 3 days a week for more than 3 weeks. However, many doctors also consider sudden, severe, unexplained crying that lasts less than 3 hours a day for most days of a week to be colic.
The crying associated with colic typically
Is loud, piercing, and constant
Has no identifiable cause
Occurs at about the same time of day or night
Continues for hours for no apparent reason
Is separated by intervals when the infant acts normally
Causes of Colic
Although the term colic suggests abdominal cramps, there is no evidence that there is an intestinal or other abdominal disorder. People may have thought colic was caused by an abdominal disorder because crying infants often swallow air when they cry, resulting in passing of gas (flatulence) and a swollen abdomen. However, doctors feel these findings result from crying rather than cause it. Most infants with colic eat and gain weight normally. However, they may suck vigorously on pacifiers or toys. Colic does not appear to have any relation to development of an insistent, impatient personality.
Evaluation of Colic
Warning signs
Parents should be especially suspicious of illness or pain as the cause of their infant's fussing if the crying is accompanied by
Vomiting (especially if vomit is green or bloody or occurs more than 5 times a day)
Changes in stool (constipation or diarrhea, especially with blood or mucus)
Abnormal temperature (a rectal temperature less than 97.0 °F [36.1 °C] or over 100.4 °F [38 °C])
Irritability (crying all day with few calm periods in between)
Lethargy (excess sleepiness, lack of smiles or interested gaze, or a weak suck)
Poor weight gain
Difficulty breathing
Bruising or other signs of possible injury
Abnormal movements or twitching of any body part
When to see a doctor
Children who have any warning signs should be evaluated by a doctor right away.
If children without warning signs appear well otherwise, parents can try typical measures such as feeding, burping, changing, and cuddling. If crying continues after such measures, parents should call a doctor. A doctor can help parents determine how quickly the child needs to be evaluated.
What the doctor does
Doctors first ask questions about the crying to determine whether it meets the criteria for colic. Doctors ask about other symptoms and the infant's medical history and then do a physical examination. What they find during the history and physical examination often helps them distinguish colic from a disorder that is causing excessive crying. Typically, no abnormalities are detected during an examination of a child who is otherwise healthy but has colic.
Testing
No testing is needed unless doctors detect specific abnormalities during the history and examination.
Treatment of Colic
Once the infant has been examined by the doctor and parents have been reassured that the infant is healthy, that the irritability is not due to poor parenting, and that colic will resolve on its own with no long-term effects, some general measures may help:
Holding, gentle rocking, or patting
Rocking in an infant swing
Listening to white noise, such as the sound of rain or the electronically produced sounds made by a fan, washing machine, vacuum, or hair dryer
Listening to music
Riding in a car
Sucking on a pacifier
Being burped
Being fed (but parents should avoid overfeeding in an attempt to stop the crying)
Being snugly wrapped (swaddled)
When the cause of the crying is fatigue, many of the above interventions only briefly console infants and the crying returns as soon as the stimulation or activity stops, leaving infants even more fatigued. Sometimes it is more effective to encourage self-soothing and sleep by routinely laying infants in their crib awake so they do not depend on their parents or certain motions, objects, or sounds to fall asleep.
Parents may change formulas for a short time to determine whether infants have a specific formula intolerance. However, a dairy or food intolerance is rarely a cause of colic symptoms unless other symptoms, such as vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, or poor weight gain, also are present. Frequently switching formulas should be avoided unless directed by a doctor.
Mothers who are breastfeeding may notice that after they eat certain foods, such as dairy or broccoli or cabbage, their infant cries after nursing. Mothers should try to remove those foods from their diet to see whether the infant’s crying decreases.
Coping with excessive crying can be difficult for parents. Talking with a doctor can help. The doctor can provide strategies, reassurance, and support for parents experiencing the stress of excessive crying.
