Children's Health Issues

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Care of Newborns and Infants

• Initial Care of the Newborn

• Physical Examination of a Newborn
  • Skin
  • Head and Neck
  • Heart and Lungs
  • Abdomen and Genitals
  • Nervous System
  • Muscles and Bones

• Newborn Screening Tests
  • More Information

• First Few Days After Birth
  • Umbilical Cord
  • Circumcision
  • Skin
  • Urine and Bowel Movements
  • Weight
  • Discharge From the Hospital

• Overview of Feeding of Newborns and Infants

• Breastfeeding
  • Benefits of Breastfeeding
  • Breastfeeding Procedure
  • Complications of Breastfeeding for the Baby
  • Complications of Breastfeeding for the Mother
  • Taking Medications While Breastfeeding
  • Weaning

• Formula Feeding

• Starting Solid Foods in Infants

• Feeding Problems
  • Spitting Up
  • Vomiting
  • Overfeeding
  • Underfeeding
  • More Information

• Stools and Urine in Infants

• Sleeping Behaviors in Newborns and Infants
  • Co-sleeping

• Teething
  • More Information

Health Supervision of Well Children

• Promoting Optimal Health and Development of Children
  • Childhood health
  • Child development

• Preventive Health Care Visits in Infants
  • Examination
  • Screening
  • Safety
  • Nutrition and exercise

• Preventive Health Care Visits in Children
  • Examination
  • Screening
  • Safety
  • Nutrition and exercise

• Preventive Health Care Visits in Adolescents
  • Examination
  • Screening
  • Safety
  • Nutrition and exercise

• Toilet Training
  • The timing method

Symptoms in Infants and Children

• Colic
  • Causes
  • Evaluation
    • Warning signs
    • When to see a doctor
    • What the doctor does
    • Testing
  • Treatment

• Constipation in Children
  • Causes
    • Common causes
    • Less common causes
  • Evaluation
    • Warning signs
    • When to see a doctor
    • What the doctor does
    • Testing
  • Treatment
    • Changing the diet
    • Modifying behavior
    • Stool softeners and laxatives
  • Key Points

• Cough in Children
  • Causes
    • Common causes
    • Less common causes
  • Evaluation
    • Warning signs
    • When to see a doctor
    • What the doctor does
    • Testing
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Crying in Children
  • Causes
    • Medical disorders
  • Evaluation
    • Warning signs
    • When to see a doctor
    • What the doctor does
    • Testing
  • Treatment
    • Support for parents
  • Key Points

• Diarrhea in Children
  • Causes
    • Common causes
    • Less common causes
  • Evaluation
    • Warning signs
    • When to see a doctor
    • What the doctor does
    • Testing
  • Treatment
    • Dehydration
    • Diet
  • Key Points

• Fever in Infants and Children
  • Causes
    • Acute fever
    • Chronic fever
  • Evaluation
    • Warning signs
    • When to see a doctor
    • What the doctor does
    • Testing
  • Testing for Acute Fever in Children
    • Fever in infants under 1 month old
    • Fever in infants between 1 month and 3 months old
    • Fever in children between 3 months and 3 years old
    • Fever in children over 3 years old
  • Testing for Chronic Fever in Children
  • Treatment
    • General measures
    • Medications to lower fever
  • Key Points

• Rashes in Children
  • Diaper rash (diaper dermatitis)
  • Cradle cap (seborrheic dermatitis)
  • Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
  • Viral infections that cause a rash
  • Other causes of rashes

• Separation Anxiety and Stranger Anxiety
  • Separation Anxiety
  • Stranger Anxiety

• Vomiting in Infants and Children
  • Causes
    • Common causes
    • Less common causes
  • Evaluation
    • Warning signs
    • When to see a doctor
    • What the doctor does
    • Testing
  • Treatment
    • Fluids
    • Medications to reduce vomiting
    • Diet
  • Key Points

Bacterial Infections in Infants and Children

• Overview of Bacterial Infections in Children
  • Risk of bacterial infections in children
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention

• Meningitis in Children
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
    • Newborns and children under 12 months of age
    • Older children and adolescents
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention
    • Vaccination
    • Preventive antibiotics

• Occult Bacteremia
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
    • Infants under 3 months of age
    • Infants and children 3 months to 3 years of age
  • Treatment

• Rheumatic Fever
  • Symptoms
    • Joints
    • Heart
    • Skin
    • Nervous system
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Preventive treatment (antibiotic prophylaxis)
  • Prognosis

• Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Children
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
    • Urine tests
    • Imaging tests
    • Blood tests
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

Behavioral Problems in Children

• Overview of Behavioral Problems in Children
  • Stress-Related Behaviors in Children
    • Thumb sucking
    • Nail biting
    • Head banging and rhythmic rocking
  • Behavioral Problems and Parenting Style
  • Treatment
    • The time-out technique
  • More Information

• Breath-Holding Spells
  • Cyanotic Breath-Holding Spells
  • Pallid Breath-Holding Spells

• Eating Problems in Young Children
  • Undereating
  • Overeating

• School Avoidance
  • Treatment

• Sleep Problems in Children
  • Nightmares
  • Night Terrors and Sleepwalking
  • Resistance to Going to Bed
  • Awakening During the Night
  • More Information

• Temper Tantrums
  • Treatment

• Violent Behavior in Children and Adolescents
  • Gang involvement
  • Bullying
  • Prevention

Overview of Birth Defects

• Overview of Birth Defects
  • Causes of and Risk Factors for Birth Defects
    • Exposure to harmful substances (teratogens)
    • Nutrition
    • Genetic and chromosomal factors
    • Infections
  • Diagnosis
    • Before birth
    • After birth
  • Treatment

Birth Defects of the Brain and Spinal Cord

• Overview of Brain and Spinal Cord Birth Defects
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • More Information

• Hydrocephalus
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Complications of shunts
  • More Information

• Macrocephaly
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Microcephaly
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Neural Tube Defects and Spina Bifida
  • Spina Bifida
    • Other neural tube and associated defects
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention
  • More Information

• Rett Syndrome
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

Birth Defects of the Face and Skull

• Introduction to Birth Defects of the Face and Skull

• Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
  • Causes
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Craniosynostosis
  • Sagittal craniosynostosis
  • Coronal craniosynostosis
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Ear Defects
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Eye Defects
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Jaw Defects
  • Micrognathia
  • Agnathia
  • Maxillary hypoplasia
  • Diagnosis

Birth Defects of the Bones, Joints, and Muscles

• Introduction to Birth Defects of the Bones, Joints, and Muscles

• Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

• Bowlegs and Knock-Knees
  • Bowlegs
  • Knock-knees

• Clubfoot and Other Foot Defects
  • Clubfoot (talipes equinovarus)
  • Metatarsus adductus
  • Metatarsus varus
  • Talipes calcaneovalgus
  • Pes planus (flat feet)

• Congenital Torticollis
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Dislocated Knee
  • Treatment

• Femoral Torsion
  • Treatment

• Finger and Toe Defects
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Missing or Incompletely Formed Limbs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Muscle Defects
  • Poland syndrome and other chest muscle defects
  • Prune-belly syndrome (triad syndrome)
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Tibial Torsion

Birth Defects of the Digestive Tract

• Overview of Digestive Tract Birth Defects
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Anorectal Malformations
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Hirschsprung Disease
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Intestinal Malrotation
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Biliary Atresia
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

• Diaphragmatic Hernia
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Abdominal Wall Defects (Omphalocele and Gastroschisis)
  • Omphalocele
  • Gastroschisis
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

Birth Defects of the Heart

• Overview of Heart Defects
  • Anatomy of the Heart
  • Normal Fetal Circulation
  • Types of Heart Defects
    • Shunting of blood flow
    • Re-routing of blood flow
    • Blocked blood flow
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
    • Eisenmenger syndrome
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Immediate care
    • Open-heart surgery
    • Cardiac catheterization
    • Medications
    • Devices to support heart function
    • Heart transplantation
    • Long-term management
  • More Information

• Aortopulmonary Window
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Aortic Valve Stenosis in Children
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Atrial and Ventricular Septal Defects
  • Symptoms
    • Atrial septal defects
    • Ventricular septal defects
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Atrial septal defects
    • Ventricular septal defects
  • More Information

• Atrioventricular Septal Defects
  • Types of atrioventricular septal defect
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Bicuspid Aortic Valve
  • More Information

• Coarctation of the Aorta
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Double Outlet Right Ventricle
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Ebstein Anomaly
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Immediate care
    • Surgical repair
    • Heart transplantation
    • Long-term care
  • More Information

• Patent Ductus Arteriosus
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Pulmonary Valve Stenosis in Children
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Tetralogy of Fallot
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Hypercyanotic spells
    • Surgery
  • More Information

• Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Transposition of the Great Arteries
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Other Birth Defects of the Heart
  • Pulmonary Atresia With Intact Septum
  • Single Ventricle Defects
  • Tricuspid Atresia
  • More Information

Birth Defects of the Urinary Tract and Genitals

• Overview of Kidney and Urinary Tract Birth Defects
  • Complications of urinary tract defects
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Kidney Defects
  • Complications of birth defects of the kidneys
  • Types
    • Kidneys in the wrong location and position
    • Horseshoe kidneys
    • Missing kidneys
    • Poorly functioning kidneys
    • Polycystic kidney disease
    • Multicystic dysplastic kidney
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Ureter Defects
  • Complications of birth defects of the ureters
  • Types
    • Extra ureters
    • Narrowed or widened ureters
    • Misplaced ureters
    • Ureteroceles
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Urinary Reflux
  • Causes
    • Complications of urinary reflux
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Bladder Defects
  • Problems with nerves to the bladder (neurogenic bladder)
  • Failure of the bladder to close properly
  • Bladder diverticulum

• Urethra Defects
  • Types
    • Partially blocked urethra
    • Urethra in the wrong place
    • Urethral prolapse
    • Duplicated urethras (extra urethras)
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Female Genital Birth Defects
  • Causes
  • Types
    • Labial adhesions
    • Imperforate hymen
    • Extra genital organs (duplication abnormalities)
    • Genital organs joined together (fusion abnormalities)
    • Missing or shortened vagina (vaginal agenesis)
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Male Genital Birth Defects
  • Causes
  • Types
    • Hypospadias
    • Epispadias
    • Unusually small penis (micropenis)
    • Chordee
    • Other defects of the penis
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Undescended Testes and Retractile Testes
  • Undescended Testes
  • Retractile Testes

Blood Problems in Newborns

• Anemia in the Newborn
  • Rapid breakdown of red blood cells (hemolysis)
  • Blood loss
  • Decreased red blood cell production
  • Symptoms
    • Complications of anemia in newborns
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Polycythemia in the Newborn
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

Bone Disorders in Children

• Overview of Bone Disorders in Children
  • Growth plates
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Köhler Bone Disease
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Kyphosis
  • Scheuermann Disease
    • Treatment

• Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Prognosis
  • Treatment

• Osgood-Schlatter Disease
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Osteopetroses
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Prognosis
  • Treatment

• Scoliosis
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Prognosis
  • Treatment

• Sever Disease
  • Treatment

• Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

Childhood Cancers

• Overview of Childhood Cancer
  • Complications of Cancer Treatment
  • Care Team for Cancer Treatment
  • More Information

• Overview of Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors in Children
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Astrocytomas
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Ependymomas
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Medulloblastomas
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Neuroblastoma
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Retinoblastoma
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Rhabdomyosarcoma
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Wilms Tumor
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

Child Neglect and Abuse

• Overview of Child Neglect and Abuse
  • Risk factors for child neglect and abuse
  • Types
    • Neglect
    • Physical abuse
    • Sexual abuse
    • Emotional abuse
    • Special considerations
  • Symptoms
    • Physical neglect
    • Physical abuse
    • Sexual abuse
    • Emotional abuse and neglect
  • Diagnosis
    • Neglect and emotional abuse
    • Physical abuse
    • Sexual abuse
  • Prevention
  • Treatment
    • Immediate safety of the child
    • Follow-up care
    • Removal from the home
  • More Information

• Female Genital Mutilation

Chromosome and Gene Abnormalities

• Overview of Chromosome and Gene Disorders
  • Chromosome Abnormalities
  • Gene Abnormalities
  • Testing for Chromosome and Gene Abnormalities
  • Prevention

• Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
  • Complications of Down syndrome
  • Symptoms
    • Physical development
    • Cognitive (intellectual) development
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Trisomy 18
  • Symptoms
    • Physical abnormalities
    • Internal abnormalities
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Trisomy 13
  • Symptoms
    • Physical abnormalities
    • Other abnormalities
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Overview of Chromosomal Deletion Syndromes

• Cri-du-Chat Syndrome
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Prader-Willi Syndrome
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Overview of Sex Chromosome Abnormalities

• Fragile X Syndrome
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Klinefelter Syndrome
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Noonan Syndrome
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Trisomy X

• Turner Syndrome
  • Symptoms
    • Infants
    • Older children, adolescents, and women
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• XYY Syndrome

Common Viral Infections in Infants and Children

• Overview of Viral Infections in Children

• Measles
  • Symptoms
    • Complications of measles
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention
    • Prevention before exposure
    • Preventive treatment after exposure

• Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE)
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

• Mumps
  • Symptoms
    • Complications of mumps
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

• Rubella
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention

• Roseola Infantum
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Erythema Infectiosum (Parvovirus B19 Infection)
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Overview of Viral Respiratory Tract Infections in Children
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
    • Complications of viral respiratory tract infections
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • More Information

• Rotavirus Infection
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention

• Viral Central Nervous System Infections in Children
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

Congenital Kidney Tubular Disorders

• Introduction to Congenital Kidney Tubular Disorders

• Bartter Syndrome and Gitelman Syndrome
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Cystinuria
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Hypophosphatemic Rickets
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

Connective Tissue Disorders in Children

• Overview of Connective Tissue Disorders in Children
  • Diagnosis

• Chondromalacia Patellae
  • Treatment

• Cutis Laxa
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Prognosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes
  • Symptoms
    • Complications of Ehlers-Danlos syndromes
  • Diagnosis
  • Prognosis
  • Treatment

• Infrapatellar Tendinitis

• Marfan Syndrome
  • Symptoms
    • Musculoskeletal problems
    • Heart problems
    • Lung problems
    • Eye problems
    • Spinal cord problems
  • Diagnosis
  • Prognosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Nail-Patella Syndrome
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Osteochondrodysplasias
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Osteogenesis Imperfecta
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
  • Symptoms
    • Complications of pseudoxanthoma elasticum
  • Diagnosis
  • Prognosis
  • Treatment

Cystic Fibrosis

• Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
  • Causes
    • Abnormal genes
    • Abnormal secretions
  • Symptoms
    • Newborns and young children
    • Older children and adults
  • Complications
  • Diagnosis
    • Newborn screening
    • Sweat test
    • Genetic testing
    • Carrier testing
    • Other tests
  • Treatment
    • Treatments for the lungs
    • Antibiotics
    • CFTR modulators
    • Enemas and stool softeners
    • Diet and supplements
    • Pancreatic enzyme supplements
    • Insulin
    • Surgery
    • Other treatments
    • End-of-life issues
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

Dehydration and Fluid Therapy in Children

• Dehydration in Children
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Infants
    • Older children

Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children

• Appendicitis in Children
  • Complications of appendicitis
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

• Gastroenteritis in Children
  • Causes
    • Viruses
    • Bacteria
    • Parasites
    • Chemical toxins
    • Medications
  • Symptoms
    • Gastroenteritis caused by viruses
    • Gastroenteritis caused by bacteria
    • Gastroenteritis caused by parasites
    • Complications of gastroenteritis
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Rehydration
    • Medications
    • Probiotics
  • Prevention

• Gastroesophageal Reflux in Children
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
    • Complications of reflux
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Medications for reflux
    • Surgery for reflux

• Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
  • Risk factors for pyloric stenosis
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Inguinal Hernia in Children
  • Symptoms
    • Complications of inguinal hernia
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Intussusception
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Air enema
    • Surgery

• Meckel Diverticulum
  • Complications of Meckel diverticulum
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Peptic Ulcer in Children
  • Symptoms
    • Complications of peptic ulcer
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Umbilical Hernia in Children
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders in Children

• Introduction to Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders in Children

• Communication Disorders in Children
  • Hearing impairment
  • Voice disorders
  • Speech disorders
  • Language disorders
  • Diagnosis
  • More Information

• Enlarged Tonsils and Adenoids in Children
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
    • Complications
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Hearing Impairment in Children
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Screening and Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Hearing aids
    • Cochlear implants
    • Bone-anchored hearing aids (BAHAs)
    • Other therapies
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Juvenile Angiofibromas
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Neck Masses in Children
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • More Information

Eye Disorders in Children

• Amblyopia
  • Causes
    • Amblyopia caused by strabismus
    • Amblyopia caused by refractive errors
    • Amblyopia caused by blockage or decrease of vision
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Congenital Cataract
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Primary Infantile Glaucoma
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Refractive Disorders in Children
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention
  • More Information

• Strabismus
  • Causes
  • Types
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

Gastrointestinal (GI) and Liver Problems in Newborns

• Cholestasis in the Newborn
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Treatment of the cause
    • Supportive care
  • Prognosis

• Jaundice in the Newborn
  • Complications of jaundice
  • Causes
    • Common causes of jaundice
    • Less common causes of jaundice in newborns
  • Evaluation
    • Warning signs
    • When to see a doctor
    • What the doctor does
    • Testing
  • Treatment
    • Phototherapy or "bili lights"
    • Exchange transfusion
  • Key Points

• Meconium Ileus
  • Causes
  • Complications of meconium ileus
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Meconium Plug Syndrome
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)
  • Risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

General Problems in Newborns

• Overview of General Problems in Newborns
  • Gestational Age
  • Problems Before Birth
    • Maternal health problems
    • Maternal medication and substance use
    • Fetal problems
  • Problems After Birth
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnostic tests before birth (prenatal care)
    • Diagnosis after birth
  • Treatment
    • Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)

• Birth Injuries in Newborns
  • Head Injuries During Birth
  • Injuries to the Skin and Soft Tissues
  • Bleeding In and Around the Brain
  • Nerve Injuries
    • Facial nerve injury
    • Brachial plexus injury
    • Phrenic nerve injury
    • Spinal cord injury
  • Bone Injuries

• Birth Asphyxia

• Common Birthmarks and Minor Skin Markings in Newborns

• Small-for-Gestational-Age (SGA) Newborns
  • Causes
    • Maternal risk factors
    • Fetal risk factors
  • Symptoms
    • Immediate complications
    • Long-term complications
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

• Large-for-Gestational-Age (LGA) Newborns
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
    • Complications
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

• Preterm (Premature) Newborns
  • Risk Factors
  • Symptoms
  • Complications
    • Underdeveloped brain
    • Underdeveloped digestive tract and liver
    • Underdeveloped immune system
    • Underdeveloped kidneys
    • Underdeveloped lungs
    • Underdeveloped eyes
    • Difficulty regulating blood sugar, mineral, and hormone levels
    • Heart problems
    • Difficulty regulating body temperature
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Very preterm newborns
    • Extremely preterm newborns
    • Discharge from the hospital
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

• Postterm Newborns
  • Complications during and after delivery
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

Growth and Development

• Physical Growth of Infants and Children
  • Length and Height
  • Weight
  • Head Circumference
  • Teeth
  • More Information

• Childhood Development
  • Intellectual Development
  • Emotional and Behavioral Development
    • Infants
    • Children

• Physical Growth and Sexual Maturation of Adolescents
  • Physical Growth
  • Sexual Maturation (Puberty)
  • More Information

• Growth and Weight Faltering in Children
  • Causes
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

Hereditary Metabolic Disorders

• Overview of Hereditary Metabolic Disorders
  • Heredity
  • Metabolism
  • Diagnosis
  • More Information

• Mitochondrial Disorders
  • Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON)
  • Leigh Syndrome
  • Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Strokelike Episodes (MELAS)
  • More Information

• Peroxisomal Disorders
  • Refsum Disease
  • Rhizomelic Chondrodysplasia Punctata
  • X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
  • Zellweger Syndrome (ZS), Neonatal Adrenoleukodystrophy, and Infantile Refsum Disease (IRD)
  • More Information

• Overview of Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders
  • More Information

• Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders
  • Isovaleric Acidemia
  • Maple Syrup Urine Disease
  • Methylmalonic Acidemia
  • Propionic Acidemia
  • More Information

• Homocystinuria
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Phenylketonuria (PKU)
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment and Prevention
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Tyrosinemia
  • Type I tyrosinemia
  • Type II tyrosinemia
  • Type III tyrosinemia
  • More Information

• Hartnup Disease
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

• Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism Disorders
  • More Information

• Galactosemia
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Glycogen Storage Diseases
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Pyruvate Metabolism Disorders
  • Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
  • Pyruvate Carboxylase Deficiency
  • More Information

• Fatty Acid Oxidation Disorders
  • Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MCADD)
  • Long-Chain 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (LCHADD)
  • Very Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (VLCADD)
  • Glutaric Acidemia Type II
  • More Information

• Other Rare Hereditary Disorders of Lipid Metabolism
  • Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis
  • Sitosterolemia
  • More Information

• Overview of Lysosomal Storage Disorders
  • More Information

• Mucopolysaccharidoses
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Cholesteryl Ester Storage Disease and Wolman Disease
  • Wolman disease
  • Cholesteryl ester storage disease
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Fabry Disease
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Gaucher Disease
  • Types
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Krabbe Disease
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
  • Forms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Niemann-Pick Disease
  • Types
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Tay-Sachs Disease and Sandhoff Disease
  • Tay-Sachs Disease
  • Sandhoff Disease
  • More Information

Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes

• Overview of Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes

• Familial Mediterranean Fever
  • Symptoms
    • Complications of familial Mediterranean fever
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• PFAPA Syndrome
  • Treatment

High Blood Pressure in Children

• High Blood Pressure in Children
  • Causes
    • Primary hypertension
    • Secondary hypertension
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Medication treatment of high blood pressure in children
  • Prevention
  • More Information

• Medication Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children
  • Adrenergic blockers
  • Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
  • Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
  • Calcium channel blockers
  • Thiazide diuretics
  • Direct vasodilators

• High Blood Pressure Emergencies in Children
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

Hormonal Disorders in Children

• Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in Children and Adolescents
  • Blood sugar (glucose)
  • Insulin
  • Types of Diabetes
    • Prediabetes
    • Type 1 diabetes
    • Type 2 diabetes
  • Symptoms
    • Type 1 diabetes
    • Type 2 diabetes
  • Complications
    • Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
    • Mental health issues
    • Blood vessel effects
  • Diagnosis
    • Diagnosing diabetes in children
    • Diagnosing the type and stage of diabetes
    • Testing after diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Nutrition and exercise
    • Monitoring blood glucose
    • Type 1 diabetes treatment
    • Insulin delivery methods
    • Type 2 diabetes treatment
    • Treatment of complications of diabetes
    • Adolescents with diabetes
    • Support
  • Screening and Prevention
    • Type 1 diabetes
    • Type 2 diabetes
  • More Information

• Hyperthyroidism in Infants and Children
  • Newborns
  • Children and adolescents
  • Symptoms
    • Fetuses
    • Newborns
    • Children and adolescents
    • Complications of hyperthyroidism
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

• Hypothyroidism in Infants and Children
  • Congenital hypothyroidism
  • Acquired hypothyroidism
  • Symptoms
    • Newborns and infants
    • Older children and adolescents
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

• Congenital Goiter
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Early Puberty
  • Normal Puberty
  • Precocious Puberty
    • Central precocious puberty
    • Peripheral precocious puberty
    • Incomplete puberty
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Delayed Puberty
  • Causes
    • Constitutional delay of puberty
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Male Hypogonadism in Children
  • Primary Hypogonadism
    • Klinefelter syndrome
    • Cryptorchidism
    • Vanishing testes syndrome (bilateral anorchia)
    • Absence of Leydig cells (Leydig cell aplasia)
    • Noonan syndrome
  • Secondary Hypogonadism
    • Kallmann syndrome
    • Panhypopituitarism
    • Isolated luteinizing hormone deficiency
    • Prader-Willi syndrome
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Children

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Children and Adolescents
  • Transmission of HIV Infection
    • Newborns and young children
    • Adolescents
  • Symptoms
    • Children with untreated HIV infection
    • Children with HIV infection treated with antiretroviral medications
  • Diagnosis
    • Pregnant women
    • Newborns and all children under 18 months of age
    • Children over 18 months of age and adolescents
    • Monitoring
  • Treatment
    • Medications
    • Monitoring
    • Adherence
    • Preventing opportunistic infections
    • Routine childhood vaccinations
    • Social issues
  • Transition to Adult Care
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention
    • Preventing transmission from infected mother to child
    • Preventing transmission from infected children to others
    • Preventing transmission for adolescents
    • Preventive treatment before exposure
  • More Information

Infections in Newborns

• Overview of Infections in Newborns
  • Infection acquired in the womb (in utero infection)
  • Infection acquired during birth (intrapartum infection)
  • Infection acquired after birth (postpartum infection)
  • Types of infections in newborns
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Sepsis in Newborns
  • Early-onset sepsis
  • Late-onset sepsis
  • Symptoms
    • Complications of sepsis
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

• Hospital-Acquired Infections in Newborns
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention

• Pneumonia in Newborns
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention

• Bacterial Meningitis in Newborns
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

• Listeriosis in Newborns
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

• Conjunctivitis in Newborns
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
    • Screening and treatment of pregnant people

• Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Infection in Newborns
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

• Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection in Newborns
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

• Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Infection in Newborns
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

• Rubella in Newborns
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention

• Syphilis in Newborns
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
    • Early congenital syphilis
    • Late congenital syphilis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention

• Toxoplasmosis in Newborns
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

• Tuberculosis (TB) in Newborns
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
    • Newborns who need testing
    • Newborns who may need testing
  • Treatment
  • Prevention

Rheumatologic Disorders in Children

• Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
  • Classification
  • Symptoms
    • Joint symptoms
    • Enthesitis symptoms
    • Eye symptoms
    • Skin symptoms
    • Systemic JIA symptoms
  • Complications of JIA
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Kawasaki Disease
  • Symptoms
    • Complications of Kawasaki disease
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

Learning and Developmental Disorders

• Definition of Developmental Disorders

• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
  • ADHD in adults
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Medication therapy
    • Behavior management
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Autism Spectrum Disorder
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
    • Social communications and interactions
    • Language
    • Behavior, interests, and activities
    • Intelligence
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Dyslexia
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Intellectual Disability
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
    • Prenatal screening
    • Developmental screening
    • Formal intellectual and skills testing
    • Identifying the cause
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention
  • More Information

• Learning Disorders
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

Lung and Breathing Problems in Newborns

• Apnea of Prematurity
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Home care
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

• Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

• Meconium Aspiration Syndrome
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

• Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

• Pneumothorax in the Newborn
  • Other air-leak syndromes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Newborns
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

• Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

Mental Health Disorders in Children and Adolescents

• Overview of Mental Health Disorders Children and Adolescents
  • Diagnosis

• Overview of Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders in Children and Adolescents
  • Symptoms
    • Reexperiencing of the event (intrusion symptoms)
    • Avoidance of reminders (avoidance symptoms)
    • Negative effects on thinking and mood
    • Changes in alertness and reactions
    • Dissociative symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Agoraphobia in Children and Adolescents
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

• Conduct Disorder
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Depression and Mood Dysregulation Disorder in Children and Adolescents
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
    • Major depressive disorder
    • Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
    • Persistent depressive disorder
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Antidepressants and suicide
    • Antipsychotics

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Children
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Children and Adolescents

• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Related Disorders in Children and Adolescents
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Oppositional Defiant Disorder
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Panic Disorder in Children and Adolescents
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Schizophrenia in Children and Adolescents
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Separation Anxiety Disorder
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Social Anxiety Disorder in Children and Adolescents
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders in Children
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Suicidal Behavior in Children and Adolescents
  • Risk Factors
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • If suicide occurs
  • Prevention
  • More Information

Miscellaneous Disorders in Infants and Young Children

• Introduction to Miscellaneous Disorders in Infants and Young Children

• Brief, Resolved, Unexplained Event (BRUE)
  • Symptoms
    • Causes of symptoms similar to BRUE
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
  • Risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome
  • Causes
  • Diagnosis
  • Prevention
  • Resources for Parents Who Have Lost an Infant to SIDS
  • More Information

Muscular Dystrophies and Related Disorders

• Introduction to Muscular Dystrophies and Related Disorders
  • Congenital Muscular Dystrophy
    • Treatment
  • More Information

• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy and Becker Muscular Dystrophy
  • Symptoms
    • Duchenne muscular dystrophy
    • Becker muscular dystrophy
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Emery-Dreifuss Dystrophy
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Limb-Girdle Dystrophy
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Myotonia Congenita
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Myotonic Dystrophy
  • Symptoms
    • Congenital myotonic dystrophy
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Congenital Myopathies
  • Central core myopathy and multiminicore myopathy (core myopathies)
  • Centronuclear myopathy
  • Nemaline myopathy
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • More Information

• Familial Periodic Paralysis
  • Symptoms
    • Hypokalemic periodic paralysis
    • Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
    • Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis
    • Andersen-Tawil syndrome
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment and Prevention
    • Hypokalemic periodic paralysis
    • Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis
    • Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis
    • Andersen-Tawil syndrome
  • More Information

Neurocutaneous Syndromes in Children

• Neurofibromatosis
  • Types
    • Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
    • NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2)
    • Non-NF2 schwannomatosis (schwannomatosis)
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
    • Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)
    • NF2-related schwannomatosis (NF2)
    • Non-NF2 schwannomatosis (schwannomatosis)
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Sturge-Weber Syndrome
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Screening for new problems
  • Prognosis

• Von Hippel–Lindau Disease (VHL)
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Screening for new problems

Neurologic Disorders in Children

• Cerebral Palsy (CP)
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
    • Spastic cerebral palsy
    • Dyskinetic (athetoid or dystonic) cerebral palsy
    • Ataxic cerebral palsy
    • Mixed cerebral palsy
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention
  • More Information

• Febrile Seizures
  • Febrile status epilepticus
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention

• Infantile Spasms
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Seizures in Children
  • Status epilepticus
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Immediate measures
    • Antiseizure medications
    • Surgery for seizures
    • Stimulating the vagus nerve
    • Stimulating the brain
    • Ketogenic diet
  • Prognosis
  • More Information

• Tourette Syndrome and Other Tic Disorders in Children and Adolescents
  • Classification
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT)
    • Medications
    • Treatment of other problems

• Reye Syndrome
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

Health Care Issues in Adolescents

• Introduction to Health Care Issues in Adolescents
  • Common Health Issues in Adolescents

• Psychosocial Development in Adolescents
  • Cognitive Development in Adolescents
    • School issues in adolescents
  • Emotional Development in Adolescents
  • Development of Independence in Adolescents
    • Parenting styles during adolescence
  • Social Development in Adolescents
  • More Information

• Sexuality and Gender in Adolescents
  • Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Adolescents
  • Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) in Adolescents

• Contraception and Pregnancy in Adolescents
  • Contraception in Adolescents
  • Pregnancy in Adolescents

• Substance Use in Adolescents
  • Alcohol Use in Adolescents
  • Tobacco Use in Adolescents
  • Electronic Cigarettes (Vaping Products)
  • Cannabis (Marijuana)
  • Other Substances
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Overdose prevention
  • More Information

• Obesity in Adolescents
  • Causes
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Mental Health in Adolescents
  • Mental Health Issues in Adolescents
    • Impact of social media on mental health
  • More Information

Respiratory Disorders in Infants and Children

• Asthma in Children
  • Asthma Triggers
  • Risk Factors
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Acute attacks (flare-ups)
    • Chronic asthma
  • Prognosis
  • Prevention
    • Allergy shots (immunotherapy)

• Bacterial Tracheitis
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Bronchiolitis
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Home treatment
    • Hospital treatment
    • Prevention
  • Prognosis

• Croup
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prognosis

• Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection and Human Metapneumovirus Infection
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
  • Human metapneumovirus (hMPV)
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Prevention

• Wheezing in Infants and Young Children
  • Causes
  • Symptoms
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

Social Issues Affecting Children and Their Families

• Overview of Social Issues Affecting Children
  • Talking With Children About Difficult Topics

• Bullying
  • Forms of bullying
  • Children who are bullied
  • Bullies
  • More Information

• Illness and Death in Infants
  • Illness in Infants
  • Infant Loss (Death of an Infant)
  • More Information

• Chronic Health Problems in Children
  • Effects on children
  • Effects on parents and other family members
  • Medical care team

• Death and Dying in Children
  • Death of a Child
  • Death of a Family Member or Loved One
  • Visiting Ill Children or Adults
  • Attending a Funeral
  • More Information

• Divorce and Children
  • Stages of adjustment
  • Effects on children
  • Helping children cope
  • Effects of a new relationship

• Child Care
  • Benefits of care outside the home
  • More Information

• Foster Care
  • Foster parents
  • Foster children
  • More Information

• Adoption
  • Adoption from foster care
  • Independent adoption or private adoption
  • International adoption
  • After adoption
  • Contact with birth parents
  • More Information

Stool Incontinence in Children

• Stool Incontinence in Children
  • Causes
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Behavior plan
    • Maintenance

Urinary Incontinence in Children

• Urinary Incontinence in Children
  • Causes
    • Common causes of urinary incontinence
  • Evaluation
    • Warning signs
    • When to see a doctor
    • What the doctor does
    • Testing
  • Treatment
    • Nighttime incontinence (enuresis, or bed-wetting)
    • Daytime incontinence
  • Key Points

Vaccination of Children

• Childhood Vaccinations
  • Childhood Vaccination Schedules
  • Vaccine Effectiveness
  • Vaccine Safety
    • Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS)
    • National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program
  • More Information

• Childhood Vaccination Concerns
  • COVID-19 Vaccines
  • Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Vaccine: Concerns about Autism
  • Thimerosal: Concerns about Autism
  • Use of Several Vaccines at the Same Time
  • Effects of Vaccine Refusal on Public Health