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Professional
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MSD Manual
Consumer Version
HEALTH TOPICS
HEALTHY LIVING
SYMPTOMS
EMERGENCIES
RESOURCES
COMMENTARY
ABOUT US
HEALTH TOPICS
HEALTHY LIVING
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Children's Health Issues
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Overview of Birth Defects
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Overview of Birth Defects
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Overview of Birth Defects
Causes of and Risk Factors for Birth Defects
Exposure to harmful substances (teratogens)
Nutrition
Genetic and chromosomal factors
Infections
Diagnosis
Before birth
After birth
Treatment