Pseudoxanthoma elasticum is a rare genetic disorder characterized by calcification of the elastic fibers of the skin, retina, and cardiovascular system. Diagnosis is clinical. There is no specific treatment, but intravitreal injections of angiogenesis-blocking antibodies may be given for angioid streaks.
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum is caused by mutations in the ABCC6 gene that are inherited in both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive forms. The ABCC6 gene product is a transmembrane transporter protein that probably plays roles in cellular detoxification.
Characteristic cutaneous papular lesions begin in childhood and are primarily of cosmetic concern. They appear as small yellowish papules that typically occur on the neck and axillae and flexural surfaces. Elastic tissues become calcified and fragmented, leading to disruption of the involved organ systems:
Ocular system: Angioid streaks of the retina, retinal hemorrhages, and gradual vision loss
Cardiovascular system: Premature atherosclerosis with subsequent intermittent claudication, hypertension, angina, and myocardial infarction
Vascular fragility: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage and small-vessel bleeding with subsequent anemia
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Diagnosis of Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
Clinical evaluation
Diagnosis of pseudoxanthoma elasticum is based on clinical and histologic findings.
Laboratory and imaging studies are done for associated conditions (eg, complete blood count, echocardiography, head CT).
Treatment of Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum
Angiogenesis-blocking antibodies for angioid streaks
Intravitreal injections of angiogenesis-blocking antibodies (eg, bevacizumab) show promise as an off-label treatment option for retinal angioid streaks.
Otherwise, there is no specific treatment, and the aim is to prevent complications. People should avoid drugs that may cause stomach or intestinal bleeding, such as aspirin, other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and anticoagulants. Blood lipid levels should be well controlled to reduce risk of premature atherosclerosis and associated vascular complications. People with pseudoxanthoma elasticum should avoid contact sports because of the risk of injury to the eye.
Complications may limit life span.
