1. Howard AW, Viskontas D, Sabbagh C. Reduction in osteomyelitis and septic arthritis related to Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccination. J Pediatr Orthop. 1999;19(6):705-709.

There are many risk factors for acute joint infection (see table ).

1. Gardner GC, Weisman MH. Pyarthrosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a report of 13 cases and a review of the literature from the past 40 years. Am J Med. 1990;88(5):503-511. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(90)90430-l

Infectious organisms reach joints by ( 1 Довідкові матеріали щодо етіології Acute infectious (septic) arthritis is a joint infection that evolves over hours or days. The infection resides in synovial or periarticular tissues and is usually bacterial. Septic arthritis... прочитати більше $\"Довідкові$ )

Infecting organisms multiply in the synovial fluid and synovial lining ( 1 Довідковий матеріал щодо патофізіології Acute infectious (septic) arthritis is a joint infection that evolves over hours or days. The infection resides in synovial or periarticular tissues and is usually bacterial. Septic arthritis... прочитати більше $\"Довідковий$ ). Some bacteria (eg, S. aureus) produce virulence factors (adhesins), which allow bacteria to penetrate, remain within, and infect joint tissues. Other bacterial products (eg, endotoxin from gram-negative organisms, cell wall fragments, exotoxins from gram-positive organisms, immune complexes formed by bacterial antigens and host antibodies) augment the inflammatory reaction.

1. Shirtliff ME, Mader JT. Acute septic arthritis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15(4):527-544. doi:10.1128/CMR.15.4.527-544.2002

Over a few hours to a few days, patients with an acute joint infection develop moderate to severe joint pain, warmth, tenderness, effusion, restricted active and passive motion, and sometimes erythema ( 1 Довідкові матеріали щодо симптомів та ознак Acute infectious (septic) arthritis is a joint infection that evolves over hours or days. The infection resides in synovial or periarticular tissues and is usually bacterial. Septic arthritis... прочитати більше $\"Довідкові$ ). A single joint is typically affected. Polyarticular septic arthritis is more likely to occur in patients with a systemic rheumatic disease ( 2 Довідкові матеріали щодо симптомів та ознак Acute infectious (septic) arthritis is a joint infection that evolves over hours or days. The infection resides in synovial or periarticular tissues and is usually bacterial. Septic arthritis... прочитати більше $\"Довідкові$ , 3 Довідкові матеріали щодо симптомів та ознак Acute infectious (septic) arthritis is a joint infection that evolves over hours or days. The infection resides in synovial or periarticular tissues and is usually bacterial. Septic arthritis... прочитати більше $\"Довідкові$ ). Many, but not all, patients with acute infectious arthritis are febrile. Occasionally, systemic symptoms may be minimal or absent, although signs of sepsis may be present in patients who have bacteremia, particularly with a virulent pathogen such as S. aureus, beta-hemolytic streptococci, or gram-negative bacilli.

1. Margaretten ME, Kohlwes J, Moore D, Bent S. Does this adult patient have septic arthritis?. JAMA. 2007;297(13):1478-1488. doi:10.1001/jama.297.13.1478

Arthrocentesis with synovial fluid examination and culture

1. Woods CR, Bradley JS, Chatterjee A, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA): 2023 Guideline on Diagnosis and Management of Acute Bacterial Arthritis in Pediatrics [published correction appears in J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2024 Aug 24;13(8):443. doi: 10.1093/jpids/piae065]. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2024;13(1):1-59. doi:10.1093/jpids/piad089

IV antibiotics

Acute nongonococcal bacterial arthritis can destroy articular cartilage, permanently damaging the joint within hours or days ( 1 Довідковий матеріал щодо прогнозу Acute infectious (septic) arthritis is a joint infection that evolves over hours or days. The infection resides in synovial or periarticular tissues and is usually bacterial. Septic arthritis... прочитати більше $\"Довідковий$ ).

Gonococcal arthritis manifests with less severe acute inflammation than does acute nongonococcal bacterial arthritis and is less likely to cause residual joint damage.