Типи дефектів поля зору
Type | Description | Causes |
|---|---|---|
Altitudinal field defect | Loss of all or part of the superior or inferior half of the visual field; does not cross the horizontal median | More common: Ischemic optic neuropathy (usually nonarteritic), hemibranch retinal artery occlusion, retinal detachment Less common: Glaucoma, optic nerve or chiasmal lesion, optic nerve coloboma |
Arcuate scotoma | A small, bow-shaped (arcuate) visual field defect that follows the arcuate pattern of the retinal nerve fibers; does not cross the horizontal median | Damage to ganglion cells that feed into a particular part of the optic nerve head More common: Glaucoma Less common: Ischemic optic neuropathy (usually nonarteritic), optic disk drusen, high myopia |
Binasal field defect (uncommon) | Loss of all or part of the medial half of both visual fields; does not cross the vertical median | More common: Glaucoma, bitemporal retinal disease (eg, retinitis pigmentosa) Rare: Tumor or aneurysm compressing both optic nerves |
Bitemporal hemianopia | Loss of all or part of the lateral half of both visual fields; does not cross the vertical median | More common: Chiasmal lesion (eg, pituitary adenoma, meningioma, craniopharyngioma, aneurysm, glioma) Less common: Tilted optic disks Rare: Binasal retinal disease (eg, retinitis pigmentosa or acute zonal occult outer retinopathy [AZOOR]) |
Blind-spot enlargement | Enlargement of the normal blind spot at the optic nerve head | Papilledema, optic nerve drusen, optic nerve coloboma, myelinated nerve fibers at the optic disk, drugs and medications, myopic disk with a crescent, AZOOR, multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS), acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement (AIBSE) syndrome |
Central scotoma | A loss of visual function in the middle of the visual field | Macular disease, optic neuropathy (eg, ischemic or Leber hereditary neuropathy, optic neuritis–multiple sclerosis), optic atrophy (eg, due to tumor compressing the nerve or toxic-metabolic disorders) Rare: Occipital cortex lesion |
Constriction of the peripheral fields, leaving only a small residual central field | Loss of the outer part of the entire visual field in one or both eyes | Glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa or other peripheral retinal disorder, chronic papilledema, panretinal photocoagulation, central retinal artery occlusion with cilioretinal artery sparing, bilateral occipital lobe infarction with macular sparing, cancer-associated retinopathy, autoimmune retinopathy, functional vision loss Rare: Medications (eg, hydroxychloroquine) |
Homonymous hemianopia | Loss of part or all of the left half or right half of both visual fields; does not cross the vertical median | Lesion anywhere posterior to the optic chiasm: optic tract or lateral geniculate body lesion; lesion in temporal, parietal, or occipital lobe (more commonly, stroke or tumor; less commonly, aneurysm or trauma); migraine* (which may cause transient homonymous hemianopia) |
* Migraine can cause various transient visual field defects, although it most commonly causes a transient homonymous hemianopia. | ||
Adapted from Bagheri N, Wajda BN: The Wills Eye Manual: Office and Emergency Room Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Disease, ed. 7. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams &Wilkins, 2016. | ||