Красифікація анемій за причинами виникнення
Mechanism | Examples |
|---|---|
Blood loss | |
Acute | Childbirth Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding Injuries Surgery |
Chronic | Cancer or polyps in GI tract Kidney tumors Ulcers in the stomach or small intestine |
Deficient or ineffective erythropoiesis* | |
Microcytic | Iron-transport deficiency (iron refractory iron deficiency anemia [IRIDA]) Iron utilization defect (inherited sideroblastic anemia) |
Normochromic-normocytic | Kidney disease Endocrine failure (thyroid, pituitary) Parvovirus B19 infection Undernutrition |
Macrocytic | Liver disease Malabsorption (eg, tropical sprue) Myelodysplasia |
Excessive hemolysis due to extrinsically induced red blood cell abnormalities | |
Reticuloendothelial hyperactivity with splenomegaly | |
Immunologic abnormalities | Drug-induced |
Infection | Ebstein Barr virus (EBV) infection |
Mechanical injury | Foot strike hemolysis Thrombotic microangiopathies (hemolytic uremic syndrome [HUS], atypical or complement-mediated HUS, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura [TTP]) |
Drugs/toxins | Phenazopyridine Ribavirin Spider bites |
Excessive hemolysis due to intrinsic red blood cell defects | |
Membrane alterations, acquired | |
Membrane alterations, congenital | Hereditary stomatocytosis Hereditary xerocytosis Neuroacanthocytosis |
Metabolic disorders (inherited enzyme deficiencies) | Glycolytic pathway defects (Embden-Meyerhof pathway defects) |
Hemoglobinopathies | Sickle cell disease (Hb SS disease, Hb S-C disease, Hb S–beta-thalassemia disease) Thalassemias (beta, beta-delta, and alpha) |
* Classified according to red blood cell indices. | |