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MSD Manual
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Professional
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Hepatic and Biliary Disorders
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Testing for Hepatic and Biliary Disorders
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Testing for Hepatic and Biliary Disorders
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Laboratory Tests of the Liver and Gallbladder
Tests for Liver Injury
Aminotransferases
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Tests for Cholestasis
Bilirubin
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
5′-Nucleotidase
Gamma–glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)
Tests of Hepatic Synthetic Capacity
Prothrombin time (PT) and international normalized ratio (INR)
Serum proteins
Other Laboratory Tests
Ammonia
Serum immunoglobulins
Antimitochondrial antibodies
Other antibodies
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Tests for hepatic fibrosis
Other laboratory tests reference
More Information
Imaging Tests of the Liver and Gallbladder
Ultrasonography
Doppler ultrasonography
Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)
Operative cholangiography
Cholescintigraphy
Radionuclide liver scanning
Plain x-ray of the abdomen
References
Liver Biopsy
Indications
Contraindications
Contraindications references
Other routes
Other routes references