Electrolyte Disorders

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• Hypernatremia
  • Etiology
    • Hypovolemic hypernatremia
    • Euvolemic hypernatremia
    • Hypervolemic hypernatremia
    • Hypernatremia in older adults
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Hyponatremia
  • Etiology
    • Hypovolemic hyponatremia
    • Euvolemic hyponatremia
    • Hypervolemic hyponatremia
    • Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
    • Hyponatremia in AIDS
    • Cerebral salt wasting (CSW)
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Exclusion of translocational hyponatremia and pseudohyponatremia
    • Identification of the cause
  • Treatment
    • Mild to moderate hyponatremia
    • Severe hyponatremia
    • Rapid-onset hyponatremia
    • Hypertonic saline solution
    • Selective vasopressin receptor antagonists
    • Chronic hyponatremia
    • Osmotic demyelination syndrome
  • Key Points

• Overview of Disorders of Potassium Concentration
  • Potassium shifts
  • Potassium metabolism
  • Pseudohypokalemia and pseudohyperkalemia

• Hyperkalemia
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • ECG
    • Diagnosis of cause
  • Treatment
    • Mild hyperkalemia
    • Moderate to severe hyperkalemia
  • Key Points

• Hypokalemia
  • Etiology
    • Gastrointestinal tract losses
    • Intracellular shift
    • Renal potassium losses
    • Medications
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • ECG
    • Diagnosis of cause
  • Treatment
  • Prevention
  • Key Points

• Overview of Disorders of Calcium Concentration
  • Regulation of Calcium Metabolism
    • Parathyroid hormone
    • Calcitonin

• Hypercalcemia
  • Etiology
  • Pathophysiology
    • Primary hyperparathyroidism
    • Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
    • Secondary hyperparathyroidism
    • Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
    • Cancer
    • Vitamin D toxicity
    • Granulomatous disorders
    • Immobilization
    • Idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia
    • Milk-alkali syndrome
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
    • Initial evaluation
    • Hyperparathyroidism
    • Cancer
    • Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH)
    • Milk-alkali syndrome
    • Other causes
  • Treatment
    • Mild hypercalcemia
    • Moderate hypercalcemia
    • Severe hypercalcemia
    • Hypercalcemia of malignancy
    • Hyperparathyroidism
    • Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
    • Treatment reference
  • Key Points

• Hypocalcemia
  • Etiology
    • Hypoparathyroidism
    • Pseudohypoparathyroidism
    • Vitamin D deficiency and dependency
    • Renal disease
    • Other causes
  • Symptoms and Signs
    • Neurologic manifestations
    • Other manifestations
  • Diagnosis
    • Estimation of ionized calcium concentration
  • Treatment
    • Tetany
    • Transient hypoparathyroidism
    • Chronic hypocalcemia
  • Key Points

• Overview of Disorders of Magnesium Concentration

• Hypermagnesemia
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment

• Hypomagnesemia
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Overview of Disorders of Phosphate Concentration

• Hyperphosphatemia
  • Etiology
  • Pathophysiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points

• Hypophosphatemia
  • Etiology
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
    • Oral treatment
    • Parenteral treatment
  • Key Points

• Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion (SIADH)
  • Pathophysiology
  • Etiology
    • Medications and SIADH
    • Etiology reference
  • Symptoms and Signs
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
  • Key Points