Hepatitis E is caused by an enterically transmitted RNA virus and causes typical symptoms of viral hepatitis, including anorexia, malaise, and jaundice. Fulminant hepatitis and death are rare, except during pregnancy. Diagnosis is by antibody testing. Treatment is supportive unless chronic infection develops.
(See also Causes of Hepatitis and Overview of Acute Viral Hepatitis.)
There are 4 genotypes of hepatitis E virus (HEV). All can cause acute viral hepatitis.
Genotypes 1 and 2 usually cause waterborne outbreaks that are linked to fecal contamination of the water supply and fecal-oral person-to-person transmission. Outbreaks have occurred in China, India, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, Russia, and central and northern Africa. These outbreaks have epidemiologic characteristics similar to those associated with hepatitis A virus epidemics. Sporadic cases also occur. No outbreaks have occurred in the United States or in Western Europe. Most cases in the areas with adequate and effective sanitation facilities occur in travelers returning from an area without such sanitation facilities, but sporadic cases not associated with travel have been reported.
Genotypes 3 and 4 typically cause sporadic cases rather than outbreaks. Transmission is food-borne and can involve eating uncooked or undercooked meat; cases have been associated with consumption of pork, deer, and shellfish.
HEV was not originally thought to cause chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or chronic carrier state; however, reports document chronic genotype 3 hepatitis E exclusively in immunocompromised patients (including organ-transplant recipients, patients receiving cancer chemotherapy, and HIV-infected patients) (1).
Reference
1. World Health Organization (WHO): Hepatitis E. Accessed June 21, 2024.
Symptoms and Signs of Hepatitis E
Typical manifestations of viral hepatitis occur: anorexia, malaise, nausea and vomiting, and fever, followed by jaundice.
Hepatitis E may be severe, especially in pregnant women; in them, risk of fulminant hepatitis and death is increased.
Diagnosis of Hepatitis E
IgM antibody test (when available)
In the initial diagnosis of acute hepatitis, viral hepatitis should be differentiated from other disorders causing jaundice (see figure Simplified Approach to Possible Acute Viral Hepatitis). If acute viral hepatitis is suspected, the following tests are done to screen for hepatitis viruses A, B, and C:
IgM antibody to hepatitis A virus (IgM anti-HAV)
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
IgM antibody to hepatitis B core (IgM anti-HBc)
Antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) and hepatitis C RNA (HCV RNA) polymerase chain reaction
If tests for hepatitis A, B, and C are negative but the patient has typical manifestations of viral hepatitis and has recently traveled to an endemic area, IgM antibody to HEV (IgM anti-HEV) should be measured if the test is available.
Treatment of Hepatitis E
Supportive care
No treatments attenuate acute viral hepatitis, including hepatitis E.
1).
Alcohol should be avoided because it can increase liver damage. Restrictions on diet or activity, including commonly prescribed bed rest, have no scientific basis.
Viral hepatitis should be reported to the local or state health department.
Treatment reference
1. Khuroo MS, Khuroo MS: Hepatitis E: an emerging global disease - From discovery towards control and cure. J Viral Hepat 23(2):68-79, 2016. doi: 10.1111/jvh.12445
Prevention of Hepatitis E
Good personal hygiene and standard universal precautions help prevent fecal-oral transmission of hepatitis E. Boiling water appears to reduce risk of infection. Because person-to-person transmission is rare, isolation of infected patients is not indicated.
A vaccine for hepatitis E is now available in China; it is not available in the United States. The vaccine appears to have about 95% efficacy in preventing symptomatic infection in males and is safe. Efficacy in other groups, duration of protection, and efficacy in preventing asymptomatic infection are unknown.
Key Points
Transmission of hepatitis E is usually by the fecal-oral route.
Most patients recover spontaneously, but pregnant women have an increased risk of fulminant hepatitis and death.
Genotype 3 may cause chronic hepatitis in immunocompromised patients.
Suspect hepatitis E in travelers to endemic regions; do IgM anti-HEV testing if available.
A vaccine is available in China.
