Giardiasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by the single-celled protozoan parasite Giardia. The main symptoms are abdominal cramping and diarrhea.
People may have abdominal cramping, gas, belching, diarrhea, and nausea and feel tired.
People acquire the infection by drinking water or eating food that is contaminated with stool containing Giardia or by coming into contact with stool from an infected person.
Doctors diagnose the infection by testing or examining a stool sample.
Boiling water kills Giardia protozoa and is the safest way for hikers to ensure that water from streams and lakes is safe to drink.
(See also Overview of Parasitic Infections.)
Giardiasis is a protozoan infection that occurs worldwide and is the most common parasitic infection of the intestine in the United States. Giardia protozoa can form an outer shell (called a cyst). It enables them to survive outside the body for long periods of time (for example, in lakes and streams) and makes them less likely to be killed by chlorine (for example, in swimming pools). These cysts are passed in stool and can cause infection.
Giardia protozoa are a common contaminant of fresh water, including many lakes and streams—even ones that appear clean. Poorly filtered municipal water supply systems contribute to some outbreaks. Most people acquire the infection from drinking contaminated water. But people can acquire the infection if they eat contaminated food or have contact with stool from an infected person, which can occur between children or sex partners.
Giardiasis is more common among
Children in day care centers
People who practice oral-anal sex
People who have traveled to countries with poor sanitation
Backpackers and hikers who drink untreated water from streams and lakes
People who swim in contaminated pools or lakes
Giardia can live in wild animals.
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Symptoms of Giardiasis
Some infected people have no symptoms, but these people can pass Giardia cysts in their stool and can thus infect others. Symptoms, when they occur, appear about 1 to 2 weeks after infection.
Symptoms of giardiasis typically include abdominal cramps, gas (flatulence), belching, and watery, foul-smelling diarrhea. Nausea may come and go. People may feel tired and vaguely uncomfortable and lose their appetite. If untreated, the diarrhea may persist for weeks. People with giardiasis often develop lactose intolerance (inability to digest lactose, the sugar in milk), which can result in diarrhea, gas, and bloating.
A few people with giardiasis develop diarrhea that persists longer. These people may not absorb enough nutrients from food (called malabsorption), resulting in significant weight loss.
Occasionally, chronic giardiasis prevents children from growing as expected (a condition called failure to thrive).
Diagnosis of Giardiasis
Stool tests
The symptoms often suggest giardiasis.
The easiest way to make the diagnosis of giardiasis is by testing the stool for proteins (antigens) released by Giardia lamblia or for its DNA.
Microscopic examination of stool samples may also detect the parasite. However, because people who have been infected for a long time tend to excrete the parasites at unpredictable intervals, repeated microscopic examinations of stool are often needed.
If these tests do not identify what is causing the intestinal symptoms, doctors may use a flexible viewing tube (endoscope) to examine the upper part of digestive tract, including the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). Doctors may use this procedure to obtain a sample of the contents of the small intestine for examination.
Treatment of Giardiasis
Even after curing the infection, people may experience lactose intolerance or irritable bowel syndrome. Avoiding dairy products is helpful in people who have developed lactose intolerance.
Prevention of Giardiasis
Giardiasis prevention requires
Appropriate treatment of public water (including drinking water and water in swimming pools)
Use of good hygiene when preparing food
Good personal hygiene (for example, washing hands thoroughly after using the toilet)
Avoiding contact with stool during sex
Boiling water kills the parasite and is the safest way for hikers to ensure that water from streams and lakes is safe to drink.
Water from streams and lakes can sometimes be disinfected using chlorine-containing compounds or iodine. This method is less reliable because its effectiveness varies depending on how cloudy or muddy the water is (turbidity) and what the water's temperature is. The amount of chlorine routinely used in drinking water may be insufficient to kill the cysts.
Water filters that use reverse osmosis or have the words "tested and certified by NSF/ANSI Standard No. 53 or No. 58 for cyst removal/reduction" can remove cysts of Giardia and other protozoa as well as bacteria from water, but other filter systems may not be effective.
(See also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]: Parasites - Giardia: Prevention & Control and CDC Yellow Book: Giardiasis).
More Information
The following English-language resource may be useful. Please note that THE MANUAL is not responsible for the content of this resource.
Schnell K, Collier S, Derado G, et al: Giardiasis in the United States - an epidemiologic and geospatial analysis of county-level drinking water and sanitation data, 1993-2010. J Water Health 14(2):267–279, 2016. doi: 10.2166/wh.2015.283
