Bulging or protruding of one or both eyes is called proptosis or exophthalmos. Exophthalmos is usually used when describing bulging eyes caused by Graves disease, a disorder causing overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). Bulging eyes are not the same as prominent eyes. Some disorders that may change the appearance of the face and eyes but that do not cause true eye bulging include Cushing disease and severe obesity.
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Bulging sometimes causes other symptoms. The eyes may be dry and irritated (which causes watering) because the bulging may prevent the eyelids from closing properly. Also, people may blink less often or may appear to stare. Depending on the cause of bulging, people may have other symptoms such as double vision or difficulty focusing on objects. If bulging is prolonged, the optic nerve is stretched, which may impair vision. Vision may also be impaired if the disorder causing bulging also presses on the optic nerve.
Causes of Bulging Eye
The most common cause in adults is Graves disease, which causes swelling of tissue behind and around the eye, pushing the eyeball forward. In children, the most common cause is infection.
Other causes are uncommon. They include tumors, bleeding, infections (in adults), and, rarely, inflammation of structures within the orbit without infection (called orbital pseudotumor). Glaucoma that is present from birth (primary infantile glaucoma) can cause the eyes to enlarge, which may seem to look similar to eyes that are pushed forward.
Some Causes and Features of Bulging Eyes
Cause | Common Features* | Tests |
|---|---|---|
Eye symptoms: Pain, watering, dryness, irritation, sensitivity to light, double vision, and loss of vision Usually affecting both eyes General symptoms: Palpitations, anxiety, increased appetite, weight loss, diarrhea, inability to tolerate heat, increased sweating, and insomnia | Blood tests to evaluate thyroid gland function Sometimes, CT or MRI of the orbits | |
Orbital cellulitis (infection of the tissue within the eye socket, or orbit) | Affecting only one eye Eye redness, pain deep within the eye, pain when moving the eye, and aches in and around the eye Red and swollen eyelids Inability to fully move the eye in all directions Impaired vision or loss of vision Fever Sometimes preceded by symptoms of sinusitis | CT or MRI of the brain and orbit |
A mass in the eye socket such as a tumor (cancerous or not) or a blood vessel malformation | Loss of or a decrease in vision and pain in one eye Sometimes double vision or headache | MRI or CT of the orbit |
Retrobulbar hemorrhage (bleeding in the eye socket) | Usually affecting only one eye Symptoms that begin suddenly Loss of vision, double vision, and eye pain In people who have recently had eye surgery or an eye injury or who have a bleeding disorder | CT of the orbit or treatment done immediately |
* Features include symptoms and the results of the doctor's examination. Features mentioned are typical but not always present. | ||
CT = computed tomography; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging. | ||
Evaluation of Bulging Eye
The following information can help people decide when a doctor's evaluation is needed and help them know what to expect during the evaluation.
Warning signs
In people with bulging eyes, certain symptoms and characteristics are cause for concern. They include
Loss or decrease of vision
Double vision
Eye pain or redness
Headache
Fever
Pulsation of the bulging eye
Bulging eye in a newborn or child
When to see a doctor
People with warning signs should see a doctor as soon as possible, as should those with bulging that has developed over a few days or less. People with no warning signs should see a doctor when possible, but a delay of a week or so is unlikely to be harmful.
What the doctor does
Doctors first ask questions about the person's symptoms and medical history. Doctors then do a physical examination. What they find during the history and physical examination often suggests a cause for eye bulging and the tests that may need to be done (see table Some Causes and Features of Bulging Eyes).
Doctors ask
How long the bulging has been present
Whether both eyes are bulging
Whether bulging seems to be getting worse
Whether the person has other eye symptoms, such as dryness, increased tear formation, double vision, loss of vision, irritation, or pain
Whether the person has symptoms of hyperthyroidism, such as inability to tolerate heat, increased sweating, involuntary shaking movements (tremors), anxiety, increased appetite, diarrhea, palpitations, and weight loss
Bulging that has developed rapidly (over a few days) suggests different causes than bulging that has developed over years. Rapid bulging in only one eye suggests bleeding in the eye socket (orbit), which can occur after surgery or injury, or infection or inflammation of the eye socket. Bulging that develops slowly suggests Graves disease (when it affects both eyes) or a tumor in the eye socket (when it affects one eye).
The physical examination is focused on the eyes. Doctors examine the eyes for redness, sores, and irritation using a slit lamp (an instrument that enables a doctor to examine the eye under high magnification). They check whether the eyelids move as fast as the eyeball when the person looks down and check for staring. Slow eyelids and staring could indicate Graves disease.
Doctors may also check for other signs that could indicate hyperthyroidism, such as increased heart rate or blood pressure, tremors, and a swollen or tender thyroid gland in the neck.
Testing
Sometimes doctors, usually ophthalmologists, measure the degree of bulging with an instrument (exophthalmometry). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) is often done when bulging affects only one eye. Blood tests to measure how well the thyroid is working are done when Graves disease is suspected.
Treatment of Bulging Eye
When bulging leads to severe dry eyes, lubrication with artificial tears is needed to protect the cornea (the clear layer in front of the iris and pupil). Sometimes if lubrication is not sufficient, surgery to provide better coverage of the eye surface or to reduce bulging may be needed.
Key Points
Graves disease is the most common cause of bulging eyes in adults.
People with headache, fever, eye pain, or changes in vision should see a doctor quickly.
Bulging of one eye is of greater concern than bulging of both eyes.
