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Professional
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MSD Manual
Professional Version
MEDICAL TOPICS
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MEDICAL TOPICS
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Professional
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Cardiovascular Disorders
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Cardiovascular Tests and Procedures
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Cardiovascular Tests and Procedures
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Overview of Cardiovascular Tests and Procedures
Electrocardiography
Standard ECG Components
P wave
PR interval
QRS complex
QT interval
ST segment
T wave
U wave
Specialized ECG Tests
Additional precordial leads
Esophageal lead
Signal averaging
Continuous ST-segment monitoring
QT dispersion
Heart rate variability
Holter monitor
Event recorder
Wireless adhesive monitor
Smartwatches with ECG capability
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Cardiac Imaging Tests
Chest X-Rays in Cardiac Diagnosis
Computed Tomography (CT) in Cardiac Diagnosis
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in Cardiac Diagnosis
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in Cardiac Diagnosis
Echocardiography
Techniques
Methodology
Stress echocardiography
Radionuclide Imaging of the Heart
Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
Indications
Protocols and imaging agents
Infarct Avid Imaging
Radionuclide Ventriculography
Left ventriculography
Right ventriculography
Valve assessment
Shunt assessment
Tilt Table Testing
Procedure
Contraindications
Interpretation
Stress Testing
Stress Test Methodology
Exercise stress testing
Pharmacologic stress testing
Diagnostic Stress Test Methodology
Electrocardiography (ECG)
Radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging
Echocardiography
Radionuclide ventriculography
Electrophysiologic Studies (EPS)
Cardiac Catheterization
Procedure
Left heart catheterization
Right heart catheterization
Specific Tests During Cardiac Catheterization
Angiography
Coronary artery flow measurements
Intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS)
Optical coherence tomography (OCT)
Tests for cardiac shunts
Measurement of cardiac output and flow
Endomyocardial biopsy
Tests during cardiac catheterization references
Contraindications to Cardiac Catheterization
Complications of Cardiac Catheterization
Contrast agent complications
Contrast agent complications reference
Catheter-related complications
Access site complications
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